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t economy was taking hold; but it was getting off to a shaky start。

旁白:國有企業被賣掉了,對產權憑證的交易導致了一個初期的股票交易市場,市場經濟是開始了,但這是一個非常脆弱的開始。

In Moscow; speculation was rampant in what some called the "Wild East。"

在莫斯科,投機現象非常猖獗,有些人把這稱為“瘋狂的東方”。

JEFFREY SACHS: A lot of societies have corruption; but Russia had an elite that had grown up in such an amoral environment under the Soviet system that they really did believe that property is theft。 "Okay; now we're in a private…property system; we'll steal it。" And Russia had a lot to steal。 You had the oil; the gas; the nickel; the chromium; the diamonds; the gold …… this extraordinary bination of huge natural resource reserves; and they were in state hands。

傑裴裡。薩克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):許多社會都有腐敗,但是在俄羅斯,有這樣一批在蘇維埃體制的沒有道德規範的環境下成長起來的社會精英,他們確實認為財產就是盜竊,“好吧,現在我們處在私有產權制度下了,我們也偷一點吧。”俄羅斯有很多東西可以偷,有油,有氣,有鎳,有鉻,有鑽石,有黃金——有非常多的自然資源儲備,這些原來都在國家手中。

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Chapter 19: Property Bees Theft '6:18'

第十九章: 國有財產被侵吞了

NARRATOR: The biggest panies; the major industries were still controlled by their all…powerful managers; former Soviet "apparatchiks" known as the Red Directors。 They were utterly opposed to the young reformers and privatization。 The only way to privatize the manding heights of the Russian economy was to wrest control away from the Red Directors。

旁白:最大的公司,主要的企業仍然被它們的全權經理們控制著,這些人是前蘇維埃的信徒,被稱為紅色領導人(Red Directors),他們徹底反對年輕一輩的改革家,反對私有化,將俄羅斯的經濟制高點私有化的唯一出路是剝奪這些紅色領導人的控制權。

GRIGORY YAVLINSKY: In Eastern Europe; the real democratic revolution happened。 it was a real replacement of the political elite。 In Russia; the same people changed their jackets and changed the portraits in the rooms; and instead of saying "munism" and "Lenin" and "

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