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at they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market。
丹尼爾。尤金:對羅斯福和他的新政來說,這是一場戰爭。他們在和大蕭條作戰,以狂烈的行動作為回應-救濟失業者和捱餓者,讓人們重新回到工作崗位上。他們修建水壩、公路和國家公園。同時,他們制定了一項計劃,該計劃將以前所未有的方式對資本主義進行調控,以保護人們免受自由市場無序發展所帶來的傷害。
NARRATOR: Privately; Roosevelt feared the market system had failed; so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks; the stock market; capitalism itself。 New headquarters built for the Interstate merce mission celebrated government regulation; which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism。 Under the New Deal; industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations。
旁白:私下裡,羅斯福對市場體體制的失敗感到恐懼,因此他創立了一整套新機構來管理銀行、股票市場和資本主義制度本身。為國內運輸管理委員會修建的新總部建成,慶祝方式就是釋出政府規章。新政實施後,企業要受到一系列新規則和規章制度的約束。
DANIEL YERGIN: And the airline industry was a very good example of that。 You had people go into this business; be very petitive; they'd go bankrupt。 New people would e in; they would go bankrupt。 It was very unstable; so the New Deal stepped in and said; ";We're going to stabilize this industry。 We're going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets。 We're going to tell you what routes you can fly。"; And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry; and in a sense; that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy。
丹尼爾。尤金:航空業是一個很好的例子。企業進入這個行業,然後激烈競爭,然後破產;新的企業再進來,然後又破產;整個行業非常不穩定。因此新政插手這個行業,“我們要穩定這個行業,設定機票價格,規定各公司能夠經營的航線。”透過這種方法,他們消除了航空業中繁榮-破產的惡性迴圈。在某種意義上,這也是他們對整個美國經濟的目標。
Onscreen title: Cambridge University; 1936
字幕標題:劍橋大學,1936年
NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory; a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression。 By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies;
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