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THE　PRINCEby　Nicolo　MachiavelliWritten　c。　1505；　published　1515translated　by　W。　K。　MarriottCHAPTER　IHOW　MANY　KINDS　OF　PRINCIPALITIES　THERE　ARE；　AND　BY　WHAT　MEANS　THEY　AREACQUIREDALL　STATES；　all　powers；　that　have　held　and　hold　rule　over　men　have　beenand　are　either　republics　or　principalities。Principalities　are　either　hereditary；　in　which　the　family　has　been　longestablished；　or　they　are　new。The　new　are　either　entirely　new；　as　was　Milan　to　Francesco　Sforza；　orthey　are；　as　it　were；　members　annexed　to　the　hereditary　state　of　theprince　；　as　was　the　kingdom　of　Naples　to　that　ofthe　King　of　Spain。Such　dominions　thus　acquired　are　either　accustomed　to　live　under　aprince；　or　to　live　in　freedom；　and　are　acquired　either　by　the　arms　ofthe　prince　himself；　or　of　others；　or　else　by　fortune　or　by　ability。CHAPTER　IICONCERNING　HEREDITARY　PRINCIPALITIESI　WILL　leave　out　all　discussion　on　republics；　inasmuch　as　in　anotherplace　I　have　written　of　them　at　length；　＇1＇　and　will　address　myself　onlyto　principalities。　In　doing　so　I　will　keep　to　the　order　indicated　above；and　discuss　how　such　principalities　are　to　be　ruled　and　preserved。I　say　at　once　there　are　fewer　difficulties　in　holding　hereditary　states；and　those　long　accustomed　to　the　family　of　their　prince；　than　new　ones；for　it　is　sufficient　only　not　to　transgress　the　customs　of　hisancestors；　and　to　deal　prudently　with　circumstances　as　they　arise；　for　aprince　of　average　powers　to　maintain　himself　in　his　state；　unless　he　bedeprived　of　it　by　some　extraordinary　and　excessive　force；　and　if　heshould　be　so　deprived　of　it；　whenever　anything　sinister　happens　to　theusurper；　he　will　regain　it。We　have　in