第3部分(第2/7 頁)

and　abridges　his　annals　in　those

period；　of　which　Polybius's　account　has　been　preserved。　Johann　von　Müller　has　given　a　stiff；

formal；　pedantic　aspect　of　history；　in　the　endeavour　to　remain　faithful　in　his　portraiture　to　the　times

he　describes。　We　much　prefer　the　narratives　we　find　in　old　Tschudy。　All　is　more　naive　and　natural

than　it　appears　in　the　garb　of　a　fictitious　and　affected　archaism。

§　7

A　history　which　aspires　to　traverse　long　periods　of　time；　or　to　be　universal；　must　indeed　forego　the

attempt　to　give　individual　representations　of　the　past　as　it　actually　existed。　It　must　foreshorten　its

pictures　by　abstractions；　and　this　includes　not　merely　the　omission　of　events　and　deeds；　but

whatever　is　involved　in　the　fact　that　Thought　is；　after　all；　the　most　trenchant　epitomist。　A　battle；　a

great　victory；　a　siege；　no　longer　maintains　its　original　proportions；　but　is　put　off　with　a　bare

mention。　When　Livy　e。g。　tells　us　of　the　wars　with　the　Volsci；　we　sometimes　have　the　brief

announcement：　“This　year　war　was　carried　on　with　the　Volsci。”

2。　Pragmatical　History

§　8

A　second　species　of　Reflective　History　is　what　we　may　call　the　Pragmatical。　When　we　have　to

deal　with　the　Past；　and　occupy　ourselves　with　a　remote　world　a　Present　rises　into　being　for　the

mind　…　produced　by　its　own　activity；　as　the　reward　of　its　labour。　The　occurrences　are；　indeed；

various；　but　the　idea　which　pervades　them　…　their　deeper　import　and　connection　…　is　one。　This

takes　the　occurrence　out　of　the　category　of　the　Past　and　makes　it　virtually　Present。　Pragmatical

（didactic）　reflections；　though　in　their　nature　decidedly　abstract；　are　truly　and　indefeasibly　of　the

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